The International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) is an international panel of pancreatic surgeons from high-volume centers that develops standardized definitions and consensus statements to improve the consistency, comparability, and quality of pancreatic surgery research and clinical practice. Since its establishment in 2006, the ISGPS has focused on creating objective, universally accepted definitions for postoperative complications, surgical techniques, and disease classifications, particularly for pancreatic surgery. Below is an overview of key ISGPS definitions and consensus statements based on available information:
Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula (POPF)
Postpancreatectomy Hemorrhage (PPH)
Delayed Gastric Emptying (DGE)
Post-Pancreatectomy Acute Pancreatitis (PPAP)
Chyle Leak
Pancreatectomy Without Histologic Confirmation
Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer (BRPC)
Extended Pancreatectomy
Standard Lymphadenectomy in PDAC
Chronic Pancreatitis Surgery Reporting Standards
General Impact of ISGPS Definitions
Critical Perspective
Conclusion
Claudio Bassi, Christos Dervenis, Giovanni Butturini, Abe Fingerhut, Charles Yeo, Jakob Izbicki, John Neoptolemos, Michael Sarr, William Traverso, Marcus Buchler; International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula Definition.
Surgery 138, 1, P8-13, 2005
Moritz N. Wente, Johannes A. Veit, Claudio Bassi, Christos Dervenis, Abe Fingerhut, Dirk J. Gouma, Jakob R. Izbicki, John P. Neoptolemos, Robert T. Padbury, Michael G. Sarr, Charles J. Yeo, Markus W. Büchler.
Surgery 142, 1, P20-25, 2007
Moritz N. Wente, Claudio Bassi, Christos Dervenis, Abe Fingerhut, Dirk J. Gouma, Jakob R. Izbicki, John P. Neoptolemos, Robert T. Padbury, Michael G. Sarr, L. William Traverso, Charles J. Yeo, Markus W. Büchler.
Surgery 142, 5, P761-768, 2007
Parul J. Shukla, Savio G. Barreto, Abe Fingerhut, Claudio Bassi, Markus W. Büchler, Christos Dervenis, Dirk Gouma, Jakob R. Izbicki, John Neoptolemos, Robert Padbury, Michael G. Sarr, William Traverso, Charles J. Yeo, Moritz N. Wente.
Surgery 147, 1, P144-153, 2010
Werner Hartwig, Charles M. Vollmer, Abe Fingerhut, Charles J. Yeo, John P. Neoptolemos, Mustapha Adham, Åke Andrén-Sandberg, Horacio J. Asbun, Claudio Bassi, Max Bockhorn, Richard Charnley, Kevin C. Conlon, Christos Dervenis, Laureano Fernandez-Cruz, Helmut Friess, Dirk J. Gouma, Clem W. Imrie, Keith D. Lillemoe, Miroslav N. Milićević, Marco Montorsi, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Yogesh K. Vashist, Jakob R. Izbicki, Markus W. Büchler, for the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery.
Surgery 156, 1, P1-14, 2014
Maximilian Bockhorn, Faik G. Uzunoglu, Mustapha Adham, Clem Imrie, Miroslav Milicevic, Aken A. Sandberg, Horacio J. Asbun, Claudio Bassi, Markus Büchler, Richard M. Charnley, Kevin Conlon, Laureano Fernandez Cruz, Christos Dervenis, Abe Fingerhutt, Helmut Friess, Dirk J. Gouma, Werner Hartwig, Keith D. Lillemoe, Marco Montorsi, John P. Neoptolemos, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Kyoichi Takaori, William Traverso, Yogesh K. Vashist, Charles Vollmer, Charles J. Yeo, Jakob R. Izbicki, for the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery.
Surgery 155, 6, P977-988, 2014
Johanna A.M.G. Tol, Dirk J. Gouma, Claudio Bassi, Christos Dervenis, Marco Montorsi, Mustapha Adham, Ake Andrén-Sandberg, Horacio J. Asbun, Maximilian Bockhorn, Markus W. Büchler, Kevin C. Conlon, Laureano Fernández-Cruz, Abe Fingerhut, Helmut Friess, Werner Hartwig, Jakob R. Izbicki, Keith D. Lillemoe, Miroslav N. Milicevic, John P. Neoptolemos, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Charles M. Vollmer, Charles J. Yeo, Richard M. Charnley, for the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery.
Surgery 156, 3, P591-600, 2014
Horacio J. Asbun, Kevin Conlon, Laureano Fernandez-Cruz, Helmut Friess, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Mustapha Adham, Claudio Bassi, Maximilian Bockhorn, Markus Büchler, Richard M. Charnley, Christos Dervenis, Abe Fingerhutt, Dirk J. Gouma, Werner Hartwig, Clem Imrie, Jakob R. Izbicki, Keith D. Lillemoe, Miroslav Milicevic, Marco Montorsi, John P. Neoptolemos, Aken A. Sandberg, Michael Sarr, Charles Vollmer, Charles J. Yeo, L. William Traverso, for the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery.
Surgery 155, 5, P887-892, 2014
Claudio Bassi, Giovanni Marchegiani, Christos Dervenis, Micheal Sarr, Mohammad Abu Hilal, Mustapha Adham, Peter Allen, Roland Andersson, Horacio J. Asbun, Marc G. Besselink, Kevin Conlon, Marco Del Chiaro, Massimo Falconi, Laureano Fernandez-Cruz, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Abe Fingerhut, Helmut Friess, Dirk J Gouma, Thilo Hackert, Jakob Izbicki, Keith D. Lillemoe, John P. Neoptolemos, Attila Olah, Richard Schulick, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Tadahiro Takada, Kyoichi Takaori, William Traverso, Charles Vollmer, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Charles J. Yeo, Roberto Salvia, Marcus Buchler, from the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).
Surgery 161, 3, P584-591, 2017
Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Masillamany Sivasanker, Charles M. Vollmer, Helmut Friess, Marc G. Besselink, Abe Fingerhut, Charles J. Yeo, Carlos Fernandez-delCastillo, Christos Dervenis, Christoper Halloran, Dirk J. Gouma, Dejan Radenkovic, Horacio J. Asbun, John P. Neoptolemos, Jakob R. Izbicki, Keith D. Lillemoe, Kevin C. Conlon, Laureano Fernandez-Cruz, Marco Montorsi, Max Bockhorn, Mustapha Adham, Richard Charnley, Ross Carter, Thilo Hackert, Werner Hartwig, Yi Miao, Michael Sarr, Claudio Bassi, Markus W. Büchler, for the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).
Surgery 161, 5, P1221-1234, 2017
Marc G. Besselink, L. Bengt van Rijssen, Claudio Bassi, Christos Dervenis, Marco Montorsi, Mustapha Adham, Horacio J. Asbun, Maximillian Bockhorn, Oliver Strobel, Markus W. Büchler, Olivier R. Busch, Richard M. Charnley, Kevin C. Conlon, Laureano Fernández-Cruz, Abe Fingerhut, Helmut Friess, Jakob R. Izbicki, Keith D. Lillemoe, John P. Neoptolemos, Michael G. Sarr, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Robert Sitarz, Charles M. Vollmer, Charles J. Yeo, Werner Hartwig, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Dirk J. Gouma, for the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery.
Surgery 161, 2, P365-372, 2017
Luca Gianotti, Marc G. Besselink, Marta Sandini, Thilo Hackert, Kevin Conlon, Arja Gerritsen, Oonagh Griffin, Abe Fingerhut, Pascal Probst, Mohammed Abu Hilal, Giovanni Marchegiani, Gennaro Nappo, Alessandro Zerbi, Antonio Amodio, Julie Perinel, Mustapha Adham, Massimo Raimondo, Horacio J. Asbun, Asahi Sato, Kyoichi Takaori, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Marco Del Chiaro, Maximilian Bockhorn, Jakob R. Izbicki, Christos Dervenis, Richard M. Charnley, Marc E. Martignoni, Helmut Friess, Nicolò de Pretis, Dejan Radenkovic, Marco Montorsi, Michael G. Sarr, Charles M. Vollmer, Luca Frulloni, Markus W. Büchler, Claudio Bassi.
Surgery 164, 5, P1035-1048, 2018
Ajith K. Siriwardena, John Windsor, Nicholas Zyromski, Giovanni Marchegiani, Dejan Radenkovic, Catherine Morgan, Ioannis Passas, Attila Olah, Kevin C. Conlon, Martin Smith, Olivier Busch, Minas Baltatzis, Marc G. Besselink, Charles Vollmer, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Helmut Friess, Giuseppe Garcea, Sean Burmeister, Thilo Hackert, Keith D. Lillemoe, Richard Schulick, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Andrew Smith, Luca Gianotti, Massimo Falconi, David Adams, Mustapha Adham, Roland Andersson, Marco Del Chiaro, John Devar, Santhalingam Jegatheeswaran, Hjalmar van Santvoort, Igor Khatkov, Jakob Izbicki, Markus Büchler, John P. Neoptolemos, Claudio Bassi, Christos Dervenis.
Surgery 168, 1, P101-105, 2020
Yi Miao, Zipeng Lu, Charles J. Yeo, Charles M. Vollmer, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Paula Ghaneh, Christopher M. Halloran, Jörg Kleeff, Thijs de Rooij, Jens Werner, Massimo Falconi, Helmut Friess, Herbert J. Zeh, Jakob R. Izbicki, Jin He, Johanna Laukkarinen, Cees H. Dejong, Keith D. Lillemoe, Kevin Conlon, Kyoichi Takaori, Luca Gianotti, Marc G. Besselink, Marco Del Chiaro, Marco Montorsi, Masao Tanaka, Maximilian Bockhorn, Mustapha Adham, Attila Oláh, Roberto Salvia, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Thilo Hackert, Tooru Shimosegawa, Amer H. Zureikat, Güralp O. Ceyhan, Yunpeng Peng, Guangfu Wang, Xumin Huang, Christos Dervenis, Claudio Bassi, John P. Neoptolemos, Markus W. Büchler, the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).
Surgery 168, 1, P72-84, 2020
Pascal Probst, Felix J. Hüttner, Ömer Meydan, Mohammed Abu Hilal, Mustapha Adham, Savio G. Barreto, Marc G. Besselink, Olivier R. Busch, Maximillian Bockhorn, Marco Del Chiaro, Kevin Conlon, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Helmut Friess, Giuseppe Kito Fusai, Luca Gianotti, Thilo Hackert, Christopher Halloran, Jakob Izbicki, Eva Kalkum, Dezso Kelemen, Hannes G. Kenngott, Rüdiger Kretschmer, Vincent Landre, Keith D. Lillemoe, Yi Miao, Giovanni Marchegiani, Andre Mihaljevic, Dejan Radenkovic, Roberto Salvia, Marta Sandini, Alejandro Serrablo, Shailesh Shrikhande, Parul J. Shukla, Ajith K. Siriwardena, Oliver Strobel, Faik G. Uzunoglu, Charles Vollmer, Jürgen Weitz, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Alessandro Zerbi, Claudio Bassi, Christos Dervenis, John Neoptolemos, Markus W. Büchler, Markus K. Diener.
Surgery 170 (2021) 1517e1524
Marchegiani, Giovanni; Barreto, Savio George; Bannone, Elisa; Sarr, Michael; Vollmer, Charles; Connor, Saxon; Falconi, Massimo|; Besselink, Marc G; Salvia, Roberto; Wolfgang, Christopher L.; Zyromski, Nicholas J.; Yeo, Charles J.; Adham, Mustapha; Siriwardena, Ajith K.; Takaori, Kyoichi; Hilal, Mohammad Abu; Loos, Martin; Probst, Pascal; Hackert, Thilo; Strobel, Oliver; Busch, Olivier R. C.; Lillemoe, Keith D.; Miao, Yi; Halloran, Christopher M.; Werner, Jens; Friess, Helmut; Izbicki, Jakob R.; Bockhorn, Maximillian; Vashist, Yogesh K.; Conlon, Kevin; Passas, Ioannis; Gianotti, Luca; Del Chiaro, Marco; Schulick, Richard D.; Montorsi, Marco; Oláh, Attila; Fusai, Giuseppe Kito; Serrablo, Alejandro; Zerbi, Alessandro; Fingerhut, Abe; Andersson, Roland; Padbury, Robert; Dervenis, Christos; Neoptolemos, John P.; Bassi, Claudio; Büchler, Markus W.; Shrikhande, Shailesh V.; on behalf of the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery.
Ann Surg 275(4):p 663-672, April 2022.
Barreto, S. George; Strobel, Oliver; Salvia, Roberto; Marchegiani, Giovanni; Wolfgang, Christopher L.; Werner, Jens; Ferrone, Cristina R.; Abu Hilal, Mohammed; Boggi, Ugo; Butturini, Giovanni; Falconi, Massimo; Fernandez-Del Castillo, Carlos; Friess, Helmut; Fusai, Giuseppe K.; Halloran, Christopher M.; Hogg, Melissa; Jang, Jin-Young; Kleeff, Jorg; Lillemoe, Keith D.; Miao, Yi; Nagakawa, Yuichi; Nakamura, Masafumi; Probst, Pascal; Satoi, Sohei; Siriwardena, Ajith K.; Vollmer, Charles M.; Zureikat, Amer; Zyromski, Nicholas J.; Asbun, Horacio J.; Dervenis, Christos; Neoptolemos, John P.; Büchler, Markus W.; Hackert, Thilo; Besselink, Marc G.; Shrikhande, Shailesh V.; for the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery.
Ann Surg 281(3):p 417-429
Schuh, Fabian; Yildirim, Berk; Klotz, Rosa MD; Pianka, Frank MD; Boskovic, Andrea; Werba, Alexander; Fink, Matthias A. MD; Wild, Caroline MD; Schwab, Constantin MD; Eckert, Christoph MD; Feisst, Manuel PhD; Mihaljevic, André L.; Loos, Martin; Büchler, Markus; Probst, Pascal.
Ann Surg 2024
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) are fluid-filled lesions in the pancreas, increasingly detected due to widespread use of advanced imaging. They include various types with differing malignant potential, such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), serous cystic neoplasms (SCNs), and solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs). Management focuses on balancing cancer prevention with avoiding unnecessary surgery, guided by several consensus guidelines. Below is an overview of key guidelines, their recommendations, and areas of consensus or divergence, based on current evidence.
European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas (2018)
International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) Fukuoka Guidelines (2017)
American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Guidelines (2015)
American College of Radiology (ACR) Guidelines (2017)
Hong Kong Consensus Recommendations (2022)
Areas of Consensus
Areas of Divergence
Diagnostic Approach
Challenges and Future Directions
Clinical Implications
For further details on specific guidelines, refer to:
Masao Tanaka, Suresh Chari, Volkan Adsay, Fernandez-Del Carlos Castillo, Massimo Falconi, Michio Shimizu, Koji Yamaguchi, Kenji Yamao, Seiki Matsuno.
Pancreatology. 2006;6(1-2):17-32
Masao Tanaka, Carlos Fernández-del Castillo, Volkan Adsay, Suresh Chari, Massimo Falconi, Jin-Young Jang, Wataru Kimura, Philippe Levy, Martha Bishop Pitman, C. Max Schmidt, Michio Shimizu, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Koji Yamaguchi, Kenji Yamao.
Pancreatology. 2012 May-Jun;12(3):183-97
Marco Del Chiaroa, Caroline Verbeke, Roberto Salvia, Gunter Klöppel, Jens Werner, Colin McKay, Helmut Friess, Riccardo Manfredi, Eric Van Cutsem, Matthias Löhr, Ralf Segersvärd, the European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas.
Digestive and Liver Disease 45 (2013) 703–711
Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists, AIGO Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas, AISP.
Digestive and Liver Disease 46 (2014) 479–493
Santhi Swaroop Vege, Barry Ziring, Rajeev Jain, Paul Moayyedi, & the Clinical Guidelines Committee.
Gastroenterology 2015;148:819–822
Masao Tanaka, Carlos Fernández-del Castillo, Terumi Kamisawa, Jin Young Jang, Philippe Levy, Takao Ohtsuka, Roberto Salvia, Yasuhiro Shimizu, Minoru Tada, Christopher L. Wolfgang.
Pancreatology. 2017 Sep-Oct;17(5):738-753.
The European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas.
Gut 2018;67:789–804
Elta, Grace H; Enestvedt, Brintha K; Sauer, Bryan G; Lennon, Anne Marie.
American Journal of Gastroenterology 113(4):p 464-479, April 2018.
Takao Ohtsuka, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Toru Furukawa, Susumu Hijioka, Jin-Young Jang, Anne Marie Lennon, Yoshihiro Miyasaka, Eizaburo Ohno, Roberto Salvia, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Laura D. Wood.
Pancreatology 24 (2024) 255e270
Rachel C Kim, Giampaolo Perri, Dario M Rocha Castellanos, Hyesol Jung, Michael J Kirsch, Greg D Sacks, Julie Perinel, Brian Goh, Max Heckler, Thilo Hackert, Mustapha Adham, Christopher Wolfgang, Marco Del-Chiaro, Richard Schulick, Jin-Young Jang, Carlos Fernandez Del Castillo, Roberto Salvia, Giovanni Marchegiani, Eugene P Ceppa, C Max Schmidt, Alex M Roch; <br>Verona EBM Study Group on IPMN.
Annals of Surgery:10.1097/SLA.0000000000006519, September 3, 2024
Tamas A. Gonda, Djuna L. Cahen, & James J. Farrell.
N Engl J Med 2024;391:832-43.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are rare tumors arising from the neuroendocrine cells of the pancreas. They are distinct from the more common pancreatic adenocarcinoma due to their origin, behavior, and management. Below is a comprehensive overview covering definitions, classifications, and current guidelines based on established medical consensus.
Definitions
Classification
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Guidelines and Consensus
Consensus Updates (2023–2025)
Prognosis
Challenges and Future Directions
For further details, refer to:
Marianne Pavel; Eric Baudin; Anne Couvelard; Eric Krenning; Kjell Öberg; Thomas Steinmüller; Martin Anlauf; Bertram Wiedenmann; Ramon Salazar; all other Barcelona Consensus Conference participants.
Neuroendocrinology 2012;95:157–176
Robert T. Jensen; Guillaume Cadiot; Maria L. Brandi; Wouter W. de Herder; Gregory Kaltsas; Paul Komminoth; Jean-Yves Scoazec; Ramon Salazar; Alain Sauvanet; Reza Kianmanesh; all other Barcelona Consensus Conference participants.
Neuroendocrinology 2012;95:98–119
M. Falconi; B. Eriksson; G. Kaltsas; D.K. Bartsch; J. Capdevila; M. Caplin; B. Kos-Kudla; D. Kwekkeboom; G. Rindi; G. Klöppel; N. Reed; R. Kianmanesh; R.T. Jensen; all other Vienna Consensus Conference participants.
Neuroendocrinology 2016;103:153–171
Margaux Foulfoin, Emmanuelle Graillot, Mustapha Adham, Pascal Rousset, Julien Forestier, Valérie Hervieu, Philip Robinson, Jean-Yves Scoazec,Catherine Lombard-Bohas & Thomas Walter.
Endocrine-Related Cancer (2017) 24, 71–81
Beata Kos-Kudła, Justo P Castaño, Timm Denecke, Enrique Grande, Andreas Kjaer, Anna Koumarianou, Louis de Mestier, Stefano Partelli, Aurel Perren Stefan Stättner, Juan W Valle, Nicola Fazio.
J Neuroendocrinol. 2023;35:e13343.
Stefano Partelli, Luca Landoni, Mirco Bartolomei, Alessandro Zerbi, Chiara Maria Grana, Ugo Boggi, Giovanni Butturini, Riccardo Casadei10, Roberto Salvia and Massimo Falconi.
BJS, 2024, Vol. 111, No. 9
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